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Composition:Silver
Era:Medieval
Region of Origin:Europe
Country/Region of Manufacture:Hungary
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Matthias(24 February 1557 20 March 1619) wasHoly Roman Emperorfrom 1612 to 1619,Archduke of Austriafrom 1608 to 1619,King of HungaryandCroatiafrom 1608 to 1618, andKing of Bohemiafrom 1611 to 1617. His personal motto wasConcordia lumine maior(“Unity is stronger than light”)Matthias played a significant role in the familial opposition of the Habsburgs against his brotherEmperor Rudolf II. After gaining power, he showed little political initiative of his own. The course of his politics was determined byCardinal Klesluntil his fall in 1618. As a consequence of his failed religious and administrative policies theBohemian Revolt, the initial theatre of theThirty Years Warset off during the final year of his reign..Matthias was born in theAustriancapital ofViennaas the fourth son ofMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, andMaria of Spain. His brothers wereRudolf(who became Emperor Rudolf II),Ernest,Maximilian(from 1585 Grand Master of theTeutonic Order),Albert(archbishop of Toledo, later governor of the Netherlands), andWenceslaus(Grand Prior of theOrder of MaltainCastile). He also had six sisters. His sisterAnnawas married to KingPhilip II of Spain, and his sisterElisabethto KingCharles IX of France.Almost nothing is known about his upbringing. One of his teachers was the writer and historianOgier Ghislain de Busbecq.Upon Maximilian II’s death the family’s estates and property were all inherited by Rudolf, the eldest son. The other sons – including Matthias – were compensated with cash pensions and appointments to church or state positions. Matthias marriedArchduchess Anna of Austria, daughter of his uncle ArchdukeFerdinand IIof Austria, whose successor inFurther AustriaMatthias became in 1595. Their marriage did not produce surviving children.In 1578, Matthias was invited to theNetherlandsby the States-General of the rebellious provinces, who offered him the position of Governor-General. Matthias had come into contact with Gautier von der Gracht, the envoy of the Dutch provinces, at theRegensburgReichstag in 1576.Philippe III de Cro, Duke of Aarschot and other representatives of a rather moderate party agreed with Matthias to make him the governor of the Netherlands against the will of his uncle,Philip II of Spain, the hereditary ruler of the provinces and without the knowledge of Emperor Rudolf II. Matthias accepted the appointment, although the position was not recognized by Philip II. He set down the rules for religious peace within most of the United Provinces. His work is noted in Article 13 of the 1579Union of Utrecht, which establishedfreedom of religionas a locally determined issue.[8]Matthias continued as titular governor for the rebels until they deposed Philip II and declaredfull independencein 1581, at which point he returned home to Austria. Governor of Austria He returned to Austria in 1583, where he settled inLinzwith a small household. He made several unsuccessful attempts to get elected as bishop (Mnster,Lige,Speyer). In 1586 negotiations for the succession of thePolishkingStephen Bthorywere equally unsuccessful. He also applied for the regency inTyrolandFurther Austria. It was only when his brother Ernest was appointedGeneral Governorin theNetherlandsin 1593 (ruled from 1594) that Matthias was able to secure governance over Austria. He was immediately confronted with the vigorous advocacy of their religious rights among the Protestant estates. The problems were exacerbated by the high taxes and the troops raised as a result of theLong Turkish War.In the years 1595 and 1597 the farmers in Lower and Upper Austria revolted in the hope to negotiate with the emperor. Matthias forced the insurgents into submission with mercenary troops. After the uprising had been quelled, Matthias’ policies on religion changed. If there had previously been Protestants at his court, he now went on a strictCounter-Reformationcourse. His chancellor had been Melchior Khlesl, bishop and administrator ofWiener Neustadt, since 1599 and supporter of the Counter-Reformation. The emperor appointed him in 1594/95 and again in 1598/1600 as nominal commander in chief in the Turkish war and as his representative to the Hungarian Reichstag With great concern, the Habsburgs observed the increasingpsychological declineof the ageing emperor. After Ernest’s death in 1595, Matthias became the oldest among thearchdukes. From 1599 onwards Matthias in vain urged the childless emperor to arrange his succession as Matthias was rejected. The crisis carried on in 1604 during the uprising underStephen Bocskaiin Hungary. Matthias initially avoided an argument with the emperor. But BishopKleslurged him to take command in theconflictwith Rudolf. In November 1600 atSchottwienthe Archdukes Matthias, Maximilian andFerdinandsigned an agreement of concerted opposition against the emperor, in 1606 declared Rudolf insane (document dated 25 April), appointed Matthias as the head of the family, and began to oust Rudolf. It was Matthias and not the emperor who had brokered thePeace of Zsitvatorokwith theOttomansand in 1606 hadended the conflict in Hungaryby granting freedom of religion in Hungary and guaranteed the right ofTransylvaniansto elect their own independent princes in the future.[10][15] As unrest resurfaced in Hungary and spread into parts ofMoraviaand Austria, Matthias attempted to utilize this opposition in the power struggle against the emperor. He joined the rebelliousDiet of Hungaryand the Lower and Upper Austrian estates inBratislavain 1608 and in Moravia shortly later. In April 1608 Matthias marched onPragueand besieged the city. Although unable to fully win over the Bohemian estates, he forced Rudolf to negotiate and sign a peace treaty in June 1608. This, unsurprisingly, resulted in the redistribution of power. Rudolf kept Bohemia, Silesia andLusatiaand Matthias received Hungary, Austria and Moravia.[16] However, the takeover of power did not proceed according to customary protocol. Matthias, as the new sovereign had not guaranteed the privileges of the estates before they officially paid homage to him. He tried to reverse the order, which led to the so-calledHomage dispute. As the majority of the estates were Protestant in Austria and Moravia their nobles then formed the powerfulHorner Confederation(Horner Bund) and paid homage only against a guarantee of their religious rights. The Horner Confederation continued to exist until the beginning of the Thirty Years War.[ Matthias was crowned King of Bohemia on 23 May 1611 and was, after Rudolf’s death on 20 January 1612, elected Emperor. On 4 December 1611, he married his cousinArchduchess Anna of Austria, yet the union failed to produce children. Matthias allegedly fathered an illegitimate son namedMatthias of Austriawith an unknown mother.[9][19] The court and administration were gradually moved from Prague to Vienna after 1612. The new emperor was less interested in art than Rudolf II and most court artists soon turned their backs on his court. Matthias maintained however a close relationship with the painterLucas van Valckenborch. For the private crown of his brother Rudolf II, he had a sceptre and an orb made. The Emperor’s wife founded theCapuchin Churchand theImperial Cryptin Vienna as the future burial site of the Habsburg family. Matthias had allegedly found a spring in the area of today’sSchnbrunn Palace. It is said that it became the eponymous name of the area and the palace from his remark:”Look, what a beautiful spring”(beautiful=schn, spring=Brunn[en]). After Matthias’s imperial accession, his kingship was dominated by Klesl, who hoped to bring about a compromise betweenCatholicand Protestant states within theHoly Roman Empirein order to strengthen it. Matthias had already been forced to grant religious concessions to Protestants in Austria and Moravia, as well as in Hungary, when he had allied with them against Rudolf. Matthias imprisoned GeorgKegleviwho was theCommander-in-chief,General, Vice-Banof Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and since 1602BaroninTransylvania, but soon left him free again. At that time thePrincipality of Transylvaniawas a fully autonomous area of Hungary, but under the nominalsuzeraintyof theOttoman Empire, where it was the time of theSultanate of Women. Matthias’s conciliatory policies were opposed by the more intransigent Catholic Habsburgs, particularly Matthias’s brotherArchduke Maximilian, who hoped to secure the succession for the inflexible Catholic Archduke Ferdinand (laterEmperorFerdinand II). The ProtestantBohemians, concerned about theirreligious freedom, fiercely opposed all Catholic officials, appointed by Matthias and the Habsburg Archduke (elected King of Bohemia in June 1617) in particular. The dispute came to a head in theBohemian Protestant revolt. This provoked Maximilian to imprison Klesl and revise his policies. However, old and ailing, he was unable to prevent a takeover by Maximilian’s faction. He died of natural causes at age 62 on 20 March 1619, and Ferdinand, who had already been crowned King of Bohemia (1617) and of Hungary (1618), succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor.
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